Source code for click_extra.colorize
# Copyright Kevin Deldycke <kevin@deldycke.com> and contributors.
#
# This program is Free Software; you can redistribute it and/or
# modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
# as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
# of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
#
# This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
# but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
# MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
# GNU General Public License for more details.
#
# You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
# along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
# Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA.
"""Helpers and utilities to apply ANSI coloring to terminal content."""
from __future__ import annotations
import dataclasses
import os
import re
from collections.abc import Iterable
from configparser import RawConfigParser
from dataclasses import dataclass
from functools import cache
from gettext import gettext as _
from operator import getitem
from typing import Callable, Sequence, cast
import click
import cloup
from boltons.strutils import complement_int_list, int_ranges_from_int_list
from cloup._util import identity
from cloup.styling import Color, IStyle
from . import (
Choice,
Context,
HelpFormatter,
Option,
Parameter,
ParameterSource,
Style,
echo,
get_current_context,
)
from .parameters import ExtraOption
[docs]
@dataclass(frozen=True)
class HelpExtraTheme(cloup.HelpTheme):
"""Extends ``cloup.HelpTheme`` with ``logging.levels`` and extra properties."""
critical: IStyle = identity
error: IStyle = identity
warning: IStyle = identity
info: IStyle = identity
debug: IStyle = identity
"""Log levels from Python's logging module."""
option: IStyle = identity
subcommand: IStyle = identity
choice: IStyle = identity
metavar: IStyle = identity
bracket: IStyle = identity
envvar: IStyle = identity
default: IStyle = identity
deprecated: IStyle = identity
search: IStyle = identity
success: IStyle = identity
"""Click Extra new coloring properties."""
subheading: IStyle = identity
"""Non-canonical Click Extra properties.
.. note::
Subheading is used for sub-sections, like `in the help of mail-deduplicate
<https://github.com/kdeldycke/mail-deduplicate/blob/0764287/mail_deduplicate/deduplicate.py#L445>`_.
.. todo::
Maybe this shouldn't be in Click Extra because it is a legacy inheritance from
one of my other project.
"""
[docs]
def with_( # type: ignore[override]
self,
**kwargs: dict[str, IStyle | None],
) -> HelpExtraTheme:
"""Derives a new theme from the current one, with some styles overridden.
Returns the same instance if the provided styles are the same as the current.
"""
# Check for unrecognized arguments.
unrecognized_args = set(kwargs).difference(self.__dataclass_fields__)
if unrecognized_args:
msg = f"Got unexpected keyword argument(s): {', '.join(unrecognized_args)}"
raise TypeError(msg)
# List of styles that are different from the base theme.
new_styles = {
field_id: new_style
for field_id, new_style in kwargs.items()
if new_style != getattr(self, field_id)
}
if new_styles:
return dataclasses.replace(self, **new_styles) # type: ignore[arg-type]
# No new styles, return the same instance.
return self
[docs]
@staticmethod
def dark() -> HelpExtraTheme:
"""A theme assuming a dark terminal background color."""
return HelpExtraTheme(
invoked_command=Style(fg=Color.bright_white),
heading=Style(fg=Color.bright_blue, bold=True, underline=True),
constraint=Style(fg=Color.magenta),
# Neutralize Cloup's col1, as it interferes with our finer option styling
# which takes care of separators.
col1=identity,
# Style aliases like options and subcommands.
alias=Style(fg=Color.cyan),
# Style aliases punctuation like options, but dimmed.
alias_secondary=Style(fg=Color.cyan, dim=True),
### Log styles.
critical=Style(fg=Color.red, bold=True),
error=Style(fg=Color.red),
warning=Style(fg=Color.yellow),
info=identity, # INFO level is the default, so no style applied.
debug=Style(fg=Color.blue),
### Click Extra styles.
option=Style(fg=Color.cyan),
# Style subcommands like options and aliases.
subcommand=Style(fg=Color.cyan),
choice=Style(fg=Color.magenta),
metavar=Style(fg=Color.cyan, dim=True),
bracket=Style(dim=True),
envvar=Style(fg=Color.yellow, dim=True),
default=Style(fg=Color.green, dim=True, italic=True),
deprecated=Style(fg=Color.bright_yellow, bold=True),
search=Style(fg=Color.green, bold=True),
success=Style(fg=Color.green),
### Non-canonical Click Extra styles.
subheading=Style(fg=Color.blue),
)
[docs]
@staticmethod
def light() -> HelpExtraTheme:
"""A theme assuming a light terminal background color.
.. todo::
Tweak colors to make them more readable.
"""
return HelpExtraTheme.dark()
# Populate our global theme with all default styles.
default_theme: HelpExtraTheme = HelpExtraTheme.dark()
# No color theme.
nocolor_theme: HelpExtraTheme = HelpExtraTheme()
OK = default_theme.success("✓")
KO = default_theme.error("✘")
"""Pre-rendered UI-elements."""
color_env_vars = {
# Colors.
"COLOR": True,
"COLORS": True,
"CLICOLOR": True,
"CLICOLORS": True,
"FORCE_COLOR": True,
"FORCE_COLORS": True,
"CLICOLOR_FORCE": True,
"CLICOLORS_FORCE": True,
# No colors.
"NOCOLOR": False,
"NOCOLORS": False,
"NO_COLOR": False,
"NO_COLORS": False,
}
"""List of environment variables recognized as flags to switch color rendering on or
off.
The key is the name of the variable and the boolean value the value to pass to
``--color`` option flag when encountered.
Source: https://github.com/pallets/click/issues/558
"""
[docs]
class ColorOption(ExtraOption):
"""A pre-configured option that is adding a ``--color``/``--no-color`` (aliased by
``--ansi``/``--no-ansi``) option to keep or strip colors and ANSI codes from CLI
output.
This option is eager by default to allow for other eager options (like
``--version``) to be rendered colorless.
.. todo::
Should we switch to ``--color=<auto|never|always>`` `as GNU tools does
<https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=36102377>`_?
Also see `how the isatty property defaults with this option
<https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=36100865>`_, and `how it can be
implemented in Python <https://bixense.com/clicolors/>`_.
.. todo::
Support the `TERM environment variable convention
<https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=36101712>`_?
"""
[docs]
@staticmethod
def disable_colors(
ctx: Context,
param: Parameter,
value: bool,
) -> None:
"""Callback disabling all coloring utilities.
Re-inspect the environment for existence of colorization flags to re-interpret
the provided value.
"""
# Collect all colorize flags in environment variables we recognize.
colorize_from_env = set()
for var, default in color_env_vars.items():
if var in os.environ:
# Presence of the variable in the environment without a value encodes
# for an activation, hence the default to True.
var_value = os.environ.get(var, "true")
# `os.environ` is a dict whose all values are strings. Here we normalize
# these string into booleans. If we can't, we fallback to True, in the
# same spirit as above.
var_boolean = RawConfigParser.BOOLEAN_STATES.get(
var_value.lower(),
True,
)
colorize_from_env.add(default ^ (not var_boolean))
# Re-interpret the provided value against the recognized environment variables.
if colorize_from_env:
# The environment can only override the provided value if it comes from
# the default value or the config file.
env_takes_precedence = (
ctx.get_parameter_source("color") == ParameterSource.DEFAULT
)
if env_takes_precedence:
# One env var is enough to activate colorization.
value = True in colorize_from_env
# There is an undocumented color flag in context:
# https://github.com/pallets/click/blob/65eceb0/src/click/globals.py#L56-L69
ctx.color = value
if not value:
def restore_original_styling():
"""Reset color flag in context."""
ctx = get_current_context()
ctx.color = None
ctx.call_on_close(restore_original_styling)
def __init__(
self,
param_decls: Sequence[str] | None = None,
is_flag=True,
default=True,
is_eager=True,
expose_value=False,
help=_("Strip out all colors and all ANSI codes from output."),
**kwargs,
) -> None:
if not param_decls:
param_decls = ("--color/--no-color", "--ansi/--no-ansi")
kwargs.setdefault("callback", self.disable_colors)
super().__init__(
param_decls=param_decls,
is_flag=is_flag,
default=default,
is_eager=is_eager,
expose_value=expose_value,
help=help,
**kwargs,
)
[docs]
class HelpOption(ExtraOption):
"""Like Click's @help_option but made into a reusable class-based option.
.. note::
Keep implementation in sync with upstream for drop-in replacement
compatibility.
.. todo::
Reuse Click's ``HelpOption`` once this PR is merged:
https://github.com/pallets/click/pull/2563
"""
def __init__(
self,
param_decls: Sequence[str] | None = None,
is_flag=True,
expose_value=False,
is_eager=True,
help=_("Show this message and exit."),
**kwargs,
) -> None:
"""Same defaults as Click's @help_option but with ``-h`` short option.
See: https://github.com/pallets/click/blob/d9af5cf/src/click/decorators.py#L563C23-L563C34
"""
if not param_decls:
param_decls = ("--help", "-h")
kwargs.setdefault("callback", self.print_help)
super().__init__(
param_decls=param_decls,
is_flag=is_flag,
expose_value=expose_value,
is_eager=is_eager,
help=help,
**kwargs,
)
[docs]
@staticmethod
def print_help(ctx: Context, param: Parameter, value: bool) -> None:
"""Prints help text and exits.
Exact same behavior as `Click's original @help_option callback
<https://github.com/pallets/click/blob/d9af5cf/src/click/decorators.py#L555-L560>`_,
but forces the closing of the context before exiting.
"""
if value and not ctx.resilient_parsing:
echo(ctx.get_help(), color=ctx.color)
ctx.exit()
[docs]
class ExtraHelpColorsMixin: # (Command)??
"""Adds extra-keywords highlighting to Click commands.
This mixin for ``click.Command``-like classes intercepts the top-level helper-
generation method to initialize the formatter with dynamic settings. This is
implemented at this stage so we have access to the global context.
"""
def _collect_keywords(
self,
ctx: Context,
) -> tuple[
set[str],
set[str],
set[str],
set[str],
set[str],
set[str],
set[str],
set[str],
set[str],
]:
"""Parse click context to collect option names, choices and metavar keywords.
This is Click Extra-specific and is not part of the upstream ``click.Command``
API.
"""
cli_names: set[str] = set()
subcommands: set[str] = set()
command_aliases: set[str] = set()
options: set[str] = set()
long_options: set[str] = set()
short_options: set[str] = set()
choices: set[str] = set()
metavars: set[str] = set()
envvars: set[str] = set()
defaults: set[str] = set()
# Includes CLI base name and its commands.
cli_names.add(ctx.command_path)
command = ctx.command
# Will fetch command's metavar (i.e. the "[OPTIONS]" after the CLI name in
# "Usage:") and dig into subcommands to get subcommand_metavar:
# ("COMMAND1 [ARGS]... [COMMAND2 [ARGS]...]...").
metavars.update(command.collect_usage_pieces(ctx))
# Get subcommands and their aliases.
if isinstance(command, click.MultiCommand):
subcommands.update(command.list_commands(ctx))
for sub_id in subcommands:
sub_cmd = command.get_command(ctx, sub_id)
command_aliases.update(getattr(sub_cmd, "aliases", []))
# Add user defined help options.
options.update(ctx.help_option_names)
# Collect all options, choices, metavars, envvars and default values.
for param in command.params:
# Ignore hidden options that are not meant to be displayed in help screens.
if isinstance(param, click.Option) and param.hidden:
continue
options.update(param.opts)
options.update(param.secondary_opts)
if isinstance(param.type, Choice):
choices.update(param.type.choices)
metavars.add(param.make_metavar())
if param.envvar:
if isinstance(param.envvar, str):
envvars.add(param.envvar)
else:
envvars.update(param.envvar)
if isinstance(param, click.Option):
default_string = ExtraOption.get_help_default(param, ctx)
if default_string:
defaults.add(default_string)
# Split between shorts and long options
for option_name in options:
# Short options are no longer than 2 characters like "-D", "/d", "/?",
# "+w", "-w", "f_", "_f", ...
# XXX We cannot reuse the _short_opts and _long_opts attributes from
# https://github.com/pallets/click/blob/b0538df/src/click/parser.py#L173-L182
# because their values are not passed when the context is updated like
# ctx._opt_prefixes is at:
# https://github.com/pallets/click/blob/b0538df/src/click/core.py#L1408 .
# So we rely on simple heuristics to guess the option category.
if len(option_name) <= 2:
short_options.add(option_name)
# Any other is considered a long options. Like: "--debug", "--c", "-otest",
# "---debug", "-vvvv, "++foo", "/debug", "from_", "_from", ...
else:
long_options.add(option_name)
return (
cli_names,
subcommands,
command_aliases,
long_options,
short_options,
choices,
metavars,
envvars,
defaults,
)
[docs]
def get_help_option(self, ctx: Context) -> Option | None:
"""Returns our custom help option object instead of Click's default one."""
# Let Click generate the default help option or not.
help_option = super().get_help_option(ctx) # type: ignore[misc]
# If Click decided to not add a default help option, we don't either.
if not help_option:
return None
# Return our own help option.
return HelpOption(param_decls=help_option.opts)
[docs]
def get_help(self, ctx: Context) -> str:
"""Replace default formatter by our own."""
ctx.formatter_class = HelpExtraFormatter
return super().get_help(ctx) # type: ignore[no-any-return,misc]
[docs]
def format_help(self, ctx: Context, formatter: HelpExtraFormatter) -> None:
"""Feed our custom formatter instance with the keywords to highlight."""
(
formatter.cli_names,
formatter.subcommands,
formatter.command_aliases,
formatter.long_options,
formatter.short_options,
formatter.choices,
formatter.metavars,
formatter.envvars,
formatter.defaults,
) = self._collect_keywords(ctx)
super().format_help(ctx, formatter) # type: ignore[misc]
[docs]
def escape_for_help_screen(text: str) -> str:
"""Prepares a string to be used in a regular expression for matches in help screen.
Applies `re.escape <https://docs.python.org/3/library/re.html#re.escape>`_, then
accounts for long strings being wrapped on multiple lines and padded with spaces to
fit the columnar layout.
It allows for:
- additional number of optional blank characters (line-returns, spaces, tabs, ...)
after a dash, as the help renderer is free to wrap strings after a dash.
- a space to be replaced by any number of blank characters.
"""
return re.escape(text).replace("-", "-\\s*").replace("\\ ", "\\s+")
[docs]
class HelpExtraFormatter(HelpFormatter):
"""Extends Cloup's custom HelpFormatter to highlights options, choices, metavars and
default values.
This is being discussed for upstream integration at:
- https://github.com/janluke/cloup/issues/97
- https://github.com/click-contrib/click-help-colors/issues/17
- https://github.com/janluke/cloup/issues/95
"""
theme: HelpExtraTheme
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs) -> None:
"""Forces theme to our default.
Also transform Cloup's standard ``HelpTheme`` to our own ``HelpExtraTheme``.
"""
theme = kwargs.get("theme", default_theme)
if not isinstance(theme, HelpExtraTheme):
theme = default_theme.with_(**theme._asdict())
kwargs["theme"] = theme
super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
# Lists of extra keywords to highlight.
cli_names: set[str] = set()
subcommands: set[str] = set()
command_aliases: set[str] = set()
long_options: set[str] = set()
short_options: set[str] = set()
choices: set[str] = set()
metavars: set[str] = set()
envvars: set[str] = set()
defaults: set[str] = set()
# TODO: Highlight extra keywords <stdout> or <stderr>
# TODO: add collection of regexps as pre-compiled constants, so we can
# inspect them and get some performances improvements.
style_aliases = {
# Layout elements of the square brackets trailing each option.
"bracket_1": "bracket",
"envvar_label": "bracket",
"label_sep_1": "bracket",
"default_label": "bracket",
"label_sep_2": "bracket",
"range": "bracket",
"label_sep_3": "bracket",
"required_label": "bracket",
"bracket_2": "bracket",
# Long and short options are options.
"long_option": "option",
"short_option": "option",
}
"""Map regex's group IDs to styles.
Most of the time, the style name is the same as the group ID. But some regular
expression implementations requires us to work around group IDs limitations, like
``bracket_1`` and ``bracket_2``. In which case we use this mapping to apply back
the canonical style to that regex-specific group ID.
"""
[docs]
@cache
def get_style_id(self, group_id: str) -> str:
"""Get the style ID to apply to a group.
Return the style which has the same ID as the group, unless it is defined in
the ``style_aliases`` mapping above.
"""
return self.style_aliases.get(group_id, group_id)
[docs]
@cache
def colorize_group(self, str_to_style: str, group_id: str) -> str:
"""Colorize a string according to the style of the group ID."""
style = cast("IStyle", getattr(self.theme, self.get_style_id(group_id)))
return style(str_to_style)
[docs]
def colorize(self, match: re.Match) -> str:
"""Colorize all groups with IDs in the provided matching result.
All groups without IDs are left as-is.
All groups are processed in the order they appear in the ``match`` object.
Then all groups are concatenated to form the final string that is returned.
.. caution::
Implementation is a bit funky here because there is no way to iterate over
both unnamed and named groups, in the order they appear in the regex, while
keeping track of the group ID.
So we have to iterate over the list of matching strings and pick up the
corresponding group ID along the way, from the ``match.groupdict()``
dictionary. This also means we assume that the ``match.groupdict()`` is
returning an ordered dictionary. Which is supposed to be true as of Python
3.7.
"""
# Get a snapshot of all named groups.
named_matches = list(match.groupdict().items())
txt = ""
# Iterate over all groups, named or not.
for group_string in match.groups():
# Is the next available named group is matching current group string?
if named_matches and group_string == named_matches[0][1]:
# We just found a named group. Consume it from the list of named groups
# to prevent it from being processed twice.
group_id, group_string = named_matches.pop(0)
if group_string is not None:
# Colorize the group with a style matching its ID.
txt += self.colorize_group(group_string, group_id)
else:
# No named group matching this string. Leave it as-is.
txt += group_string
# Double-check we processed all named groups.
if len(named_matches) != 0:
msg = (
"The matching result contains named groups that were not processed. "
"There is an edge-case in the design of regular expressions."
)
raise ValueError(msg)
return txt
[docs]
def highlight_extra_keywords(self, help_text: str) -> str:
"""Highlight extra keywords in help screens based on the theme.
It is based on regular expressions. While this is not a bullet-proof method, it
is good enough. After all, help screens are not consumed by machine but are
designed for humans.
.. danger::
All the regular expressions below are designed to match its original string
into a sequence of contiguous groups.
This means each part of the matching result must be encapsulated in a group.
And subgroups are not allowed (unless their are explicitly set as
non-matching with ``(?:...)`` prefix).
Groups with a name must have a corresponding style.
"""
# Highlight " (Deprecated)" label, as set by either Click or Cloup:
# https://github.com/pallets/click/blob/8.0.0rc1/tests/test_commands.py#L322
# https://github.com/janluke/cloup/blob/v2.1.0/cloup/formatting/_formatter.py#L190
help_text = re.sub(
rf"""
(\s) # Any blank char.
(?P<deprecated>{re.escape("(Deprecated)")}) # The flag string.
""",
self.colorize,
help_text,
flags=re.VERBOSE,
)
# Highlight subcommands.
for subcommand in self.subcommands:
help_text = re.sub(
rf"""
(\ \ ) # 2 spaces (i.e. section indentation).
(?P<subcommand>{re.escape(subcommand)})
(\s) # Any blank char.
""",
self.colorize,
help_text,
flags=re.VERBOSE,
)
# Highlight environment variables and defaults in trailing square brackets.
help_text = re.sub(
r"""
(\ \ ) # 2 spaces (column spacing or description spacing).
(?P<bracket_1>\[) # Square brackets opening.
(?: # Non-capturing group.
(?P<envvar_label>
env\s+var: # Starting content within the brackets.
\s+ # Any number of blank chars.
)
(?P<envvar>.+?) # Greedy-matching of any string and line returns.
)? # The envvar group is optional.
(?P<label_sep_1>
; # Separator between labels.
\s+ # Any number of blank chars.
)?
(?: # Non-capturing group.
(?P<default_label>
default: # Starting content within the brackets.
\s+ # Any number of blank chars.
)
(?P<default>.+?) # Greedy-matching of any string and line returns.
)? # The default group is optional.
(?P<label_sep_2>
; # Separator between labels.
\s+ # Any number of blank chars.
)?
(?: # Non-capturing group.
(?P<range>
(?:
\S+
(?:<|<=) # Lower bound operators.
)? # Operator preceding x is optional.
x
(?:<|<=|>|>=) # Any range operator.
\S+
)
)? # The range group is optional.
(?P<label_sep_3>
; # Separator between labels.
\s+ # Any number of blank chars.
)?
(?: # Non-capturing group.
(?P<required_label>
required # Required label.
)
)? # The required group is optional.
(?P<bracket_2>\]) # Square brackets closing.
""",
self.colorize,
help_text,
flags=re.VERBOSE | re.DOTALL,
)
# Highlight CLI names and commands.
for cli_name in self.cli_names:
help_text = re.sub(
rf"""
(\s) # Any blank char.
(?P<invoked_command>{re.escape(cli_name)}) # The CLI name.
(\s) # Any blank char.
""",
self.colorize,
help_text,
flags=re.VERBOSE,
)
# Highlight sections.
# XXX Duplicates Cloup's job, with the only subtlety of not highlighting the
# trailing semicolon.
#
# help_text = re.sub(
# r"""
# ^ # Beginning of a line preceded by a newline.
# (?P<heading>\S[\S+ ]+) # The section title.
# (:) # A semicolon.
# """,
# self.colorize,
# help_text,
# flags=re.VERBOSE | re.MULTILINE,
# )
# Highlight long options first, then short options.
for matching_keywords, style_group_id in (
(sorted(self.long_options, reverse=True), "long_option"),
(sorted(self.short_options), "short_option"),
):
for keyword in matching_keywords:
help_text = re.sub(
rf"""
(
# Not a: word character, or a repeated option's leading symbol.
[^\w{re.escape(keyword[0])}]
)
(?P<{style_group_id}>{escape_for_help_screen(keyword)})
(\W)
""",
self.colorize,
help_text,
flags=re.VERBOSE,
)
# Highlight other keywords, which are expected to be separated by any
# character but word characters.
for matching_keywords, style_group_id in (
(sorted(self.choices, reverse=True), "choice"),
(sorted(self.metavars, reverse=True), "metavar"),
):
for keyword in matching_keywords:
help_text = re.sub(
rf"""
(\W) # Any character which is not a word character.
(?P<{style_group_id}>{escape_for_help_screen(keyword)})
(\W) # Any character which is not a word character.
""",
self.colorize,
help_text,
flags=re.VERBOSE,
)
return help_text
[docs]
def getvalue(self) -> str:
"""Wrap original `Click.HelpFormatter.getvalue()` to force extra-colorization on
rendering."""
help_text = super().getvalue()
return self.highlight_extra_keywords(help_text)
[docs]
def highlight(
content: str,
substrings: Iterable[str],
styling_method: Callable,
ignore_case: bool = False,
) -> str:
"""Highlights parts of the ``string`` that matches ``substrings``.
Takes care of overlapping parts within the ``string``.
..todo:
Same as the ``ignore_case`` parameter, should we support case-folding?
As in "Straße" => "Strasse"? Beware, it messes with string length and
characters index...
"""
# Ranges of character indices flagged for highlighting.
ranges = set()
# Search for occurrences of query parts in original string.
for part in set(substrings):
# Reduce the matching space to the lower-case realm.
searched_content = content
if ignore_case:
lower_part = part.lower()
assert len(part) == len(lower_part), (
"Lowering case is messing with string length"
)
part = lower_part
searched_content = content.lower()
assert len(content) == len(searched_content), (
"Lowering case is messing with string length"
)
# Lookahead assertion which is going to give the starting position of each
# overlapping match.
pattern = rf"(?={re.escape(part)})"
ranges |= {
f"{match.start()}-{match.start() + len(part) - 1}"
for match in re.finditer(pattern, searched_content)
}
# Reduce ranges, compute complement ranges, transform them to list of integers.
range_arg = ",".join(ranges)
highlight_ranges = int_ranges_from_int_list(range_arg)
untouched_ranges = int_ranges_from_int_list(
complement_int_list(range_arg, range_end=len(content)),
)
# Apply style to range of characters flagged as matching.
styled_str = ""
for i, j in sorted(highlight_ranges + untouched_ranges):
segment = getitem(content, slice(i, j + 1))
if (i, j) in highlight_ranges:
segment = styling_method(segment)
styled_str += str(segment)
return styled_str